N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was measured in serum samples drawn at the day of examination and stored at − 80 ☌ in a dedicated blood biobank (immunoassay by Alere NT-proBNP for ARCHITECT, Abbott Diagnostics, measurement ranges between 8.2 and 35,000 ng/l). Cholesterol levels were directly measured in blood samples drawn at the day of examination under fasting conditions. Laboratory, clinical and questionnaire dataĪll measurements were conducted between 20 at a baseline visit at the HCHS Epidemiological Study Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, following the published HCHS protocol 12. The investigation conforms with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave a written informed consent. The research protocol of the study was approved by the HCHS steering board and the local ethics committee (PV5131, State of Hamburg Chamber of Medical Practitioners). Trying to fill this gap, in the present study we analyze the association of coffee consumption and the cardiovascular system as a whole, integrating lifestyle-related behaviour, comorbidities, biomarkers, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data, and finally major cardiovascular diseases in a large sample of the general population. Only few studies have evaluated the associations of coffee with cardiac functional parameters measured by echocardiography or electrocardiography 10, 11.

However, an in-depth analysis of coffee consumption and its associations with cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure and its possible precursors is lacking. low to moderate coffee consumption was shown to be associated with a reduced risk of heart failure whereas high coffee consumption reversed this trend 7, 8, 9. Looking at coffee as a whole, several studies postulated a dose-dependent relationship of coffee consumption and cardiovascular diseases, e.g. Nevertheless, narrowing it down to a certain substance oversimplifies the versatile composition of coffee. Most commonly, caffeine is regarded as the main driving component of mediating cardiovascular effects. Coffee is a complex liquid consisting of more than 1000 bioactive substances 6. Many studies have been published, attributing both protective and harmful characteristics to coffee in the context of the cardiovascular system 2, 3, 4, 5. First studies on coffee consumption and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) were already conducted in the 1960s leading to conflicting results 1. Ever since consumption of coffee became vastly popular, the interest of its implications on health, and specifically the cardiovascular system, grew. However, major cardiovascular diseases including heart failure and its diagnostic precursors were not associated with coffee consumption, connoting a neutral role of coffee in the context of cardiovascular health.Ĭoffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages around the world. In this cross-sectional analysis, high coffee consumption correlated with raised LDL-cholesterol levels and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Different levels of coffee consumption did neither correlate with any investigated electrocardiographic or echocardiographic parameter nor with prevalent major cardiovascular diseases, including prior myocardial infarction and heart failure. In linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and additives, high coffee consumption correlated with higher LDL-cholesterol (β = 5.92 95% CI 2.95, 8.89 p < 0.001). Coffee consumption was classified into three groups: 4 cups/day (high). We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 9009 participants of the population-based Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS), enrolled between 20 median age 63 years. This study aimed to evaluate associations of coffee consumption with cardiac biomarkers, echocardiographic, electrocardiographic parameters and major cardiovascular diseases. Coffee, next to water the most widespread beverage, is attributed both harmful and protective characteristics concerning cardiovascular health.

Caffeine blood pressure